Environment, Culture and Remoteness in Isolated Regions of Nepal
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this paper research and findings are presented and discussed in relation to themes of environment, culture and remoteness in Nepal. The research clearly illustrates that due to isolation there are a number of compounding factors that, although possibly similar to other areas in Nepal, are particular to the specific remote location. Themes have emerged from the data during the process of coding and analysis of participants’ narratives and field observation notes; and, through the use of the methodological approach of grounded theory.
The environment of the area is presented in relation to the geographic isolation of the research location, the matters of terrain and transport, and the influence of climate on the location. These environmental issues have helped craft the unique economy of the area with its subsistence farming and seasonal migration which has significant impact on the locals. The socio-cultural aspects of the local ethnicity and the influence and demands on this community are presented.
Typography and climate combine to create a dynamic context which also makes its presence felt on the locals. The terrain makes the area not only isolated, but at times dangerous to traverse and locations difficult to access. Further, climate makes community buildings inhospitable especially in the winter months. Solutions to the geography, whether it be longer holidays, chang, subsistence farming or kabela, all affect the local population.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
How to Cite
References
Aase, T.H., Chaudhary, R.P., Vetaas, O.R., 2010. Farming flexibility and food security
under climatic uncertainty: Manang, Nepal Himalaya. Area 42 (2), 228e238.
Angelsen, A., Jagger, P., Babigumira, R., Belcher, B., Hogarth, N. J., Bauch, S., Börner, J., Smith-Hall, C. & Wunder, S. (2014). Environmental income and rural livelihoods: a global-comparative analysis. World development, 64, S12-S28.
Angelsen, A., & Wunder, S. (2003). Exploring the forest-poverty link. CIFOR occasional paper, 40, 1-20.
Asher S., Nagpal A., Novosad P., (2016). “The Cost of Remoteness: Evidence from 600,000 Indian Villages.” Conference abstract (conference unknown). Available from: http://conference.iza.org/conference_files/GLMLICNetwork_2016/asher_s10281.pdf.
Babulo, B., Muys, B., Nega, F., Tollens, E., Nyssen, J., Deckers, J., & Mathijs, E. (2009). The economic contribution of forest resource use to rural livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Forest policy and Economics, 11(2), 109-117.
Banick, R. S., & Kawasoe, Y. (2019). Measuring inequality of access: Modeling physical remoteness in Nepal. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (8966), World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice & Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice, August 2019.
Barnett, R., Pearce, J., & Moon, G. (2005). Does social inequality matter? Changing ethnic socio-economic disparities and Maori smoking in New Zealand, 1981–1996. Social science & medicine, 60(7), 1515-1526.
Bhandari, P.B., 2013. Rural livelihood change? Household capital, community resources
and livelihood transition. J. Rural Stud. 32, 126e136.
Bird, K., Hulme,D., Shepherd.,A and Moore,K., (2002). Chronic Poverty and Remote Rural Areas. Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper No. 13. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1754490 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1754490
Bryant, M. (2015). Conducting observational research. In BUiLD workshop 6th July 2015. Melbourne: Deakin University. Retrieved from https://www.deakin.edu.au/__data/
assets/pdf_file /0004/ 681025/Participant-observation.pdf
Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and quality in social research. New York: Routledge.
Buor, D. (2003). Analysing the primacy of distance in the utilization of health services in the Ahafo‐Ano South district, Ghana. The International journal of health planning and management, 18(4), 293-311.
Cavendish, W. (2003). How do forests support, insure and improve the livelihoods of the rural poor? A research note. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor, Indonesia.
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2011). National Living Standard Survey: Statistical report 2011, Vols. 1 and 2. Kathmandu: CBS.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: a practice guide through qualitative analysis. London: SAGE Publications.
Chaudhary, R. P., Aase, T. H., Vetaas, O. R., Subedi, B. P.(Eds.), 2007. Local Effects of Global Changes in the Himalayas: Manang, Nepal. Tribhuvan University and University of Bergen, Kathmandu.
Dempsey, R. (2016). Quantifying remoteness: a scale of accessibility across Nepal. Retrieved from http://aiddata.org/blog/quantifying-remoteness-a-scale-of-accessibility-across-nepal
Gautam, Y., & Andersen, P. (2016). Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. Journal of rural studies, 44, 239-249.
Gentle, P., & Maraseni, T. N. (2012). Climate change, poverty and livelihoods: adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal. Environmental science & policy, 21, 24-34.
Cho, J. Y., & Lee, E. (2014). Reducing confusion about grounded theory and qualitative content analysis: Similarities and differences. The Qualitative Report, 19(32), 1–20.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007b. Climate Change 2007: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Jalan, J., Ravallion, M. (2002). Geographic Poverty Traps? A Micro Model of Consumption Gr
owth in Rural China. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 17(4), 329‐346. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129256
Khanal, N.R., Watanabe, T., 2006. Abandonment of agricultural land and its consequences.
Mt. Res. Dev. 26 (1), 32e40.
Mamo, G., Sjaastad, E., & Vedeld, P. (2007). Economic dependence on forest resources: A case from Dendi District, Ethiopia. Forest policy and Economics, 9(8), 916-927.
McLean, S., & McDougall, S. (2014). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. CFCA paper no.29. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
McElwee, G. (2008). A taxonomy of entrepreneurial farmers. International journal of entrepreneurship and small business, 6(3), 465-478.
Messerli, B., & Ives, J. D. (1997). Mountains of the world: a global priority. (No Title).
Mills, J., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2006). Adopting a constructivist approach to grounded theory: Implications for research design. International Journal of Nursing Practice 12, 8–13 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00543.x
Nepal, S. (2005). Tourism and remote mountain settlements: Spatial and temporal development of tourist infrastructure in the Mt Everest region, Nepal. Tourism Geographies, 7(2), 205-227.
Newbury-Birch, D., Walker, J., Avery, L., Beyer, F., Brown, N., Jackson, K., Lock, C., McGovern, R., Kaner, E., Gilvarry, E., McArdle, P., Venkatswaran, R. & Stewart, S. (2009). Impact of alcohol consumption on young people: A systematic review of published reviews. Research Report DCSF-RR067. Newcastle: Newcastle University.
Paudel, K.P., Tamang, S., Shrestha, K.K., 2014. Transforming land and livelihoods:
analysis of agricultural land abandonment in the Mid Hills of Nepal. J. For.
Livelihoods 12 (1), 11e19.
Pawson, I. G., Stanford, D. D., Adams, V. A. & Norbu, M. (1984) Growth of tourism in Nepal’s Everest Region: Impact on the physical environment and structure of human settlements, Mountain Research and Development, 4, pp. 237–246.
Phillippi, J., & Lauderdale, J. (2017). Field notes situate qualitative studies within a larger societal and temporal. Qualitative Health Research. 28(3), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317697102
Ray, N., & Ebener, S. (2008). AccessMod 3.0: computing geographic coverage and accessibility to health care services using anisotropic movement of patients. International journal of health geographics, 7(1), 1-17.
Shackleton, C., & Shackleton, S. (2004). The importance of non-timber forest products in rural livelihood security and as safety nets: a review of evidence from South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 100(11), 658-664.
Sharma, P. R. (1978). Nepal: Hindu-tribal interface. Contributions to Nepalese Studies, 6(1), 1-14.
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking. Culture, communication and politeness theory. (2nd ed.). London: Continuum.
Stone, L. (1989). Cultural crossroads of community participation in development: a case from Nepal. Human organization, 48(3), 206-213.
Stone, L. (1983). Hierarchy and Food in Nepalese Healing Rituals. Social Science and Medicine 17:971-978.
Van Hemelrijck, M. J., Lindblade, K. A., Kubaje, A., Hamel, M. J., Odhiambo, F., Phillips‐Howard, P. A., Laserson, K., Slutsker, L. & Feikin, D. R. (2009). Trends observed during a decade of paediatric sick visits to peripheral health facilities in rural western Kenya, 1997–2006. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14(1), 62-69.
Vedeld, P., Angelsen, A., Bojö, J., Sjaastad, E., & Berg, G. K. (2007). Forest environmental incomes and the rural poor. Forest Policy and Economics, 9(7), 869-879.
Walelign, S. Z. (2016). Should all attrition households in rural panel datasets be tracked? Lessons from a panel survey in Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 242-253.
Walelign, S. Z., & Jiao, X. (2017). Dynamics of rural livelihoods and environmental reliance: Empirical evidence from Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 83, 199-209.
Walelign, S. Z., & Nielsen, Ø. J. (2013). Seasonal household income dependency on forest and environmental resources in rural Mozambique. International Journal of AgriScience, 3(2), 91-99.
Whiteman, P. T. (1985). The mountain environment: an agronomist's perspective with a case study from Jumla, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 151-162.
World Bank. (2015b). Project performance assessment report, Nepal, Education for All. Washington, DC: World Bank.